Shackleton Autumn School 2022

The October Bank Holiday weekend sees the return to Athy of the SHACKLETON AUTUMN SCHOOL. The Autumn School, now in its 22nd year, returns to an in-person format, after being online for the last two years. There is a growing sense of anticipation that this might be one of the best Autumn Schools ever as there is an appetite for such gatherings post Covid. The programme curated by the Shackleton Autumn School Committee is one of the finest I have seen in many years. It combines lectures, exhibitions, book launches and a documentary showing. Given the rich and diverse programme offered by the Shackleton Autumn School it is difficult to pick out the highlights. There are a few lectures that stand out. Last November I wrote about the visit of Mensun Bound, the Falkland Island born marine archaeologist to Athy to visit the museum. At that time Mensun was preparing to depart for the Antarctic and as head of exploration on a daring mission to locate the wreck of Shackleton’s expedition ship ‘Endurance’. This was Mensun’s second attempt to find the ship after a previous expedition was unsuccessful back in 2019. When the news came through of the discovery of the wreck there was huge excitement worldwide. Few can forget the first images released in the media showing the stern of the ship with the lettering ‘Endurance’. As you can imagine Mensun has become a media star since then and this Thursday sees the launch of his book – ‘The Ship beneath the Ice’ about the discovery of the ship. Athy will be hosting one of his first public lectures since the discovery of the ship and as I understand it tickets are selling out extremely fast. Other lectures which caught my attention include Doug Allan’s on Sunday morning. The Scottish-born Doug Allan has been one of the principal cinematographers on David Attenborough’s wildlife documentaries in the frozen parts of our planet over the last 30 years and has a wealth of experience behind him. His ‘A Life on Thin Ice’ talk will reflect on his adventures in both the Arctic and the Antarctic and it is sure to draw a big crowd for what is going to be a visually spectacular presentation. Other speakers will include Astrid Furholt, the Norwegian woman who was the first woman to follow in the footsteps of Roald Amundsen to the South Pole on foot and Katherine MacInnes who will talk about the lives of the wives of the men lost on Captain Scott’s expedition to the South Pole in 1912. On Friday morning Leaving Certificate art students from the town and Carlow will be able to participate in a masterclass with sculptor Mark Richards who created that hugely evocative statue of Shackleton which has graced the Back Square since 2016. A regular feature of the Autumn School has been the launch of books on Polar topics. The Autumn School is spoiled with two book launches this year. The first is Fergus O’Gorman’s ‘Antarctic Affair’, an account of his time spent in the Antarctic in the late fifties. His book is being published by locally based Harvest Press. That book launch will occur in the Museum that Friday evening and that will be followed by another book launch in O’Brien’s pub where Russell Potter and his fellow authors will launch ‘May we be spared to meet on Earth: letters from the lost Franklin Expedition’. This book focuses on the expedition which disappeared in the Arctic. The participation of Norway in Polar affairs will also be reflected on by Geir Klover, the Director of the Fram Museum from Oslo, perhaps the greatest polar museum in the world, when he takes a look back on the reputation of Norway’s greatest polar explorer, Roald Amundsen 150 years after his birth. Other lectures include Naas man Kevin Kenny’s introduction to Ernest Shackleton and environmentalist Sadbh O’Neill’s reflection on what Ernest Shackleton can teach us about resilience and leadership in the age of climate crisis. Other events will include an Autumn School dinner in the Green Barn at Burtown, a bus tour of Shackleton country led by local writer John MacKenna and myself and the final event of the weekend will be a showing of the wonderful documentary, ‘Shackleton’s Cabin’ which aired on RTE back in May and that will be shown in the Athy Arts Centre on Sunday night at 8pm. The showing will then be followed by a question-and-answer session with Sven Habermann, the conservator who restored Shackleton’s cabin, and also with Shane Brennan, the producer and director of the documentary. There is a little something for everybody in the weekend and I would encourage people in the town to have a look at the brochure which is available on the museum website, www.shackletonmuseum.com as there is bound to be something of interest to every age and background.

Athy's sporting success in 2022

Grandfatherly duties brought me recently to the new pitches recently acquired and developed by Athy Gaelic Football Club. My granddaughter Eva had to be collected following a training session and I was left marvelling at the recent growth of female involvement in Gaelic football. Little did the Athy men of the 1937 championship winning team, whose photograph I am now looking at, imagine that the game nurtured by Michael Cusack and his colleagues would cater for sports loving young females a few generations later. Reportage of sporting activities fill a not inconsiderable number of pages in our daily and weekly newspapers as they bring us news of success and defeats in almost equal measure. For Gaelic football followers with allegiance to Athy Gaelic Football Club, the defeat of the club’s senior players in the County Championship Senior Semi-Final this year was a huge disappointment. Short of its key player, midfielder Kevin Feeley who was side-lined due to injury, the Athy team nevertheless were masters in an error strewn first half which saw them waste a series of good chances playing against their opponents Clane. The team eventually lost the opportunity to face Naas in the County Final to the disappointment of their faithful followers. It was a huge loss for the club members and the team, but football matches in the weeks following brought welcome success for the South Kildare club. There was a double measure of success on the same day in Newbridge when Athy’s minor team won the Minor B final playing St. Conleth’s Park. The early start time of 1.30pm saw the Cathal Kennedy led team defeat their Clane opponents on a score of 2-11 to 1-13. A few hours later, this time in the Hawkfield pitch in Newbridge, the Reserve A Football Final featured Athy and Naas. Playing was Athy’s second senior team and the young Cathal Kennedy, who had earlier won the man of the match award in the minor final, again featured prominently as Athy defeated Naas on penalties after extra time. Athy Gaelic Football Club, after the disappointment of the senior championship defeat, was now county champions at minor and Reserve A level. The club has also reached this year’s Under 14 years final and the Under 16 years final, both of which will be played sometime soon. The club’s successes is an excellent indication of the enthusiasm which marks the club’s football activities. I understand there are no less than three senior teams in the club, with an Under 20 years team, a minor team and various underage teams ranging from Under 16 years down as far as Under 7 years. The club officials include Henry Howard as President, Marty McEvoy as Chairman, James Robinson and Laura Kinahan Joint Secretaries and Tony Foley, Club Treasurer. The club founded, it is believed in 1887, has a proud history which sadly remains unwritten. The development it embarked upon five years ago to add two fully floodlit pitches to its existing Geraldine Park pitch, is now coming to a successful conclusion and promises to afford every possible opportunity to Athy G.F.C. to achieve more success in the future. If Athy Gaelic Football Club was recently achieving much success on the field of play, another local sporting club, Clonmullin Association Football Club, was doing likewise. The soccer club, formed in 1995 by the late Micheal O’Neill, Ger Connell and Micky Roycroft, recently became the KDFL Senior Division champions after defeating Athy AFC on the Clonmullin home pitch. It followed some weeks after the Clonmullin club had lost a three year home winning run when losing in somewhat controversial circumstances to Oliver Bond Celtic. The Clonmullin club’s ground was allocated to the club by Athy Urban District Council and with funding under the Sports Capital Programme a fine clubhouse was built approximately 10 years ago. There are two senior teams in the club, which was presided over for many years by my late Urban Council colleague, Paddy Wright. Indeed, Paddy played an important part in the club’s successful negotiation with the Urban District Council which ultimately resulted in the development of the club’s current soccer pitch in Clonmullin. On December 19, 1922, the largest mass execution during the Civil War took place at the Glass House military prison on the Curragh. Seven members of the Rathbride I.R.A. Column, Patrick Bagnall, Patrick Mangan, Fairgreen Kildare, Joseph Johnston, Station Road, Kildare, Bryan Moore, Patrick Nolan, Rathbride, Stephen White Abbey St, Kildare and James O’Connor, Bansha, Co. Tipperary, who had been captured in a dugout at a farmhouse in Mooresbridge on December 13th were summarily tried and sentenced to death. Their executions, coming only 11 days after the high-profile executions of anti-Treaty leaders Rory O’Connor, Liam Mellows, Richard Barret and Joe McKelvey on December 8th in Mountjoy Prison marked a further escalation in the Free State Government’s execution policy which would ultimately end with 83 official executions by the end of May 1923. This Tuesday, 18th October at 8pm in the Arts Centre on Woodstock Street, Des Dalton will give a talk on the arrest, trial and execution of the Rathbride men during the Civil War. The lecture, which is part of the Autumn/Winter Lecture Series organised by the Arts Centre, is free.

Civil War atrocities in Kerry

I was in Tralee last weekend for the AGM of the Federation of Local History Societies of Ireland. This annual event, held in a different county each year, brings together local history society members from across Ireland, north and south. They are part of the many local history societies whose work is to record local history, thereby helping to make a contribution to our understanding of the past. In this, the centenary of the Civil War, I was interested in visiting again the magnificent monument at Ballyseedy to the anti-Treaty men (IRA) who were killed so savagely on the morning of 7th March 1923 by Free State soldiers. The killings were part of a series which started when anti-Treaty forces laid booby trap bombs in the village of Knocknagoshel which it was later claimed were intended to kill a Free State officer who was allegedly involved in torturing IRA prisoners. The Knocknagoshel bombs resulted in the killing of five Free State soldiers, including the officer who was targeted by the IRA. As Tom Doyle in his book, ‘The Civil War in Kerry’ explained the Knocknagoshel atrocity grew out of a row between neighbours involving a local farmer and some IRA men. It was claimed that the farmer informed on the local IRA, for which he was fined and having refused to pay the fine, the IRA seized some of his cattle. The farmer’s son, soon afterwards, joined the Free State army and it is claimed that in retaliation for what happened to his father he captured a number of local IRA men. The IRA laid mines and had a message sent to the army officer purporting to show where a republican arms dump was located. During a subsequent search the mines exploded, killing the army officer and four other soldiers, while a sixth soldier lost both his legs. The next day, March 7th, Free State soldiers, understood to be members of the Dublin Brigade, seeking revenge for what happened in Knocknagoshel, brought nine prisoners from Tralee to clear a road block at Ballyseedy which the Free Staters had mined. Eight IRA men were blown to pieces, but one man miraculously survived. Later that same day other Dublin Brigade soldiers brought five IRA prisoners to Countess Bridge, an isolated location outside Killarney, to clear another road blockage. This time the prisoners were set to work clearing the road when the Free State soldiers lobbed hand grenades towards them, as well as spraying them with machine gun fire. Four IRA men were killed and as it happened earlier that day in Ballyseedy, one man had a miraculous escape. Five days later Dublin Brigade soldiers collected five IRA prisoners from a workhouse in Caherciveen which was used to house Republican visitors. They were brought a short distance from the workhouse and were all shot in the legs before being placed on a mined barricade which was then exploded. The unfortunate men all died at the scene, the Dublin Brigade soldiers having ensured that unlike Ballyseedy and Countess Bridge there would be no survivors. The atrocities committed during the Civil War came from both sides – the anti-Treaty IRA and the Treaty Free Staters. It was President O’Higgins, who earlier this year called on all of us to remember the sacrifices made by both sides in the conflict with an inclusive commemoration involving an honest recognition of the facts of history. There are some amongst us who will not share an inclusive commemoration as evidenced by the destruction some few years ago of the Knocknagoshel memorial which was attacked and badly damaged. A marble plaque erected at Countess Bridge to the memory of the four IRA men killed in 1923 was torn down a few years after it was erected. The plaque was subsequently replaced, but the deliberate damaging of the memorial was a clear indication that animosities lingered long after the end of the Civil War. There are many monuments throughout the country to participants in the War of Independence and the Civil War. On a previous visit to Banna Strand and the Roger Casement monument located there I took note of a number of memorial crosses on the roadside leading to the strand. Each marked the location where IRA members were killed. Michael Sinnott killed 13th March 1923, James O’Connor killed 13th February 1923, Eugene Fitzgerald killed 16th January 1923, were three such memorials. Local memorials provide a focus for local remembrance and help to keep the story of those commemorated in the public eye. It’s in recording those stories and authenticating the facts surrounding events of the past that local history society members play an important role. On December 19, 1922, the single biggest executions during the Civil War took place at the Glass House military prison on the Curragh. Seven members of the Rathbride Column, Patrick Bagnall, Patrick Mangan, Fairgreen Kildare, Joseph Johnston, Station Road, Kildare, Bryan Moore, Patrick Nolan, Rathbride, Stephen White Abbey St, Kildare and James O’Connor, Bansha, Co. Tipperary, who had been captured in a dugout at a farmhouse in Mooresbridge on December 13th were summarily tried and sentenced to death. Their executions, coming only 11 days after the high-profile executions of anti-Treaty leaders Rory O’Connor, Liam Mellows, Richard Barret and Joe McKelvey on December 8th in Mountjoy Prison marked a further escalation in the Free State Government’s execution policy which would ultimately end with 83 official executions by the end of May 1923. The Rathbride Column was one of a number of Active Service Units (ASUs) set up by the anti-Treaty IRA in Co Kildare. The Column has been active on the northern fringes of the Curragh and had carried out a series of attacks on the rail network. On Tuesday, 18th October at 8pm in the Arts Centre on Woodstock Street, Des Dalton will give a talk on the arrest, trial and execution of the Rathbride men during the Civil War. The lecture, which is part of the Autumn/Winter Lecture Series organised by the Arts Centre, is free.

Culture Night in Athy in 2022

Culture Night has been with us for several years. It is the one night of the Irish year we are encouraged to celebrate the richness and diversity of our shared cultures. Organised on a local basis and coordinated at county level, the different events of culture night provided a unique opportunity to sample and to begin to appreciate the works of talented people amongst us. I was understandably committed to attending the official launch of the Shackleton mural painted on the side wall of Quinn’s office next to the Town Hall. The Norwegian Ambassador to Ireland Skari Nare did the honours on Friday night. The mural painted by the UK artist Eloise Gillow is a magnificent piece of artistic work and brings together the Kilkea-born explorer and the Norwegian Explorer Amundsen whose reference to Shackleton is displayed on the wall next to Shackleton’s portrait. Immediately afterwards, I visited the photographic exhibition housed in the Courthouse arcade. This exhibition was Athy Photographic Club’s contribution to culture night and it attracted an interested and appreciative audience throughout the evening. The work of the photographic club members past and present over the years has captured on film local persons, local events and local scenes which will be treasured as the years go by. They are compiling a social history in visual form and their work will, I hope, be suitably archived so that future generations can understand and appreciate the people and the times which have gone before. Later in the evening I paid a visit to Bradbury’s restaurant where Colm Walsh had arranged a celebration of the life and work of Athy born Chris Neil. An internationally renowned record producer, Chris was born at No. 5 Lower St. Joseph’s Terrace from where his family emigrated to Manchester. The night took the format of a public interview conducted by Chris McKenna and performances of Chris Neil’s more famous works by local artists. Carmel Day was the musical director on the night. Maureen Moran, Steve Nicolls, Levi Maher, Chris Swayne, Justin Kelly, Carmel Day, CarolAnne Haskins, Shane Sullivan and the beautiful Noise Choir all performed. Later that evening a ‘Made of Athy’ plaque was unveiled by Chris outside O’Brien’s pub in Emily Square. The Castlemitchell Community Hall was the venue for the Moneen Players presentation of Dylan Thomas’s radio drama ‘Under Milkwood’. The players are associates of Athy Musical and Dramatic Society and sixteen of them were on stage as they voiced with the help of two narrators the thoughts and dreams of the inhabitants of a small Welsh fishing village. It was a commendable performance by all involved under the direction of David Walsh whose father Tommy, I as a young lad, had the opportunity of watching on stage on several occasions during Social Club Players performances in the Social Club in St. John’s Lane and the Town Hall. One of the most engaging performances was on the Saturday morning after Culture Night when actors from Kill and further afield with the assistance of re-enactors from Monasterevin enacted the trial of the County Kildare patriot John Devoy. Scripted by Brian McCabe, the Fenian Devoy was arrested and brought to the courtroom on the fourth floor of Lawlor’s Hotel in Naas. The trial took place in a courtroom which had been removed from a disused Courthouse in Wales and re-assembled in Naas. The audience sat facing the Judge and enjoyed the performance which allowed us a glimpse of the Devoy family story which started at the Heath just outside Athy before Devoy family members moved to Kill in the early part of the 19th Century. The play and its setting provided an unusual and a most enjoyable morning for audience and performers alike. The next day I attended the unveiling of the ‘Squires’ Gannon statue in Kildare’s Town Square. Kildare won its last All Ireland Championship final in 1928, the first year the Sam Maguire Cup was presented to the winning team captain. Crafted by the master artist, Mark Richards, the statute was commissioned by Kildare County Council. The Council was also responsible for commissioning a few years ago the statue of the Polar explorer, Ernest Shackleton, executed by Mark Richards, which stands in Emily Square. The unveiling ceremony was quite an impressive and enjoyable affair and the booklet handed out to everyone attending was a real bonus. There were no Athy players on the 1928 team but the 1935 Kildare All Ireland final team was captained by Athy player Paul Matthews who lined out with club colleague, Tommy Mulhall and Castledermot players Paddy Martin and Paddy Byrne. They should also have had Patrick (Cuddy) Chanders of Athy playing in goals during that final. Kildare lost that day to Cavan and we still wait for an Athy Club player to win an All-Ireland Senior Championship medal on the field of play. The events of Culture Night and the days immediately afterwards afforded a wonderful opportunity of acknowledging the contribution made by so may to the cultural life of our towns and villages. I wonder if its not now time to extend the single cultural night to become a cultural week allowing events to be spread over seven days. This would have the benefit of allowing greater participation at events which is not possible when so many events are scheduled for one night as in Athy last Friday.

The Conservation of the remains of St. Michael's Medieval Cemetery

It is wonderful to see the long overdue work on the medieval church in St. Michael’s Cemetery which started some weeks ago. Revamp Conservation are the contractors and as historical building specialists they have been engaged by Kildare County Council to preserve this important medieval building. What faces the workmen here in St. Michaels is a 13th century church building which has been in ruins for centuries but which with the White Castle and Woodstock Castle form a trio of priceless medieval buildings. The late John Bradley with Andrew Halpin and Heather King carried out an Urban Archaeological Survey throughout the county of Kildare at the request of the Office of Public Works in the 1980s and writing of St. Michael’s Church noted, ‘The Church of St. Michaels was in existence by 1297, although there was no indication that it had the status of a parish church at that time.’ There are different views expressed by historians as to when and how parishes were established in Ireland. Some claim that they evolved in the second half of the 12th century and throughout much of the 13th century when Dioceses were established following the Synod of Rath Breasail in 1111 and the Synod of Kells 41 years later. Prior to those Synods the Gaelic Church was based on a monastic system of organisation and was in a somewhat distant communion with Rome. We do know that the introduction into Ireland from abroad by the Anglo-Norman settlers of religious orders such as the Crouched Friars and the Dominicans gave the new settlement on the river Barrow ford two monasteries. Located on opposite banks of the river Barrow the Friars served the religious needs of the Catholic French speaking settlers. The Gaelic speaking Irish natives who were part of an Irish church were I surmise not catered for by the local monasteries. There had been no urban settlement and no church in the area prior to the arrival of the Anglo Normans following the issuing of a papal approval to Henry II of England to conquer Ireland. St. Michael’s Church was built outside the newly created village of Athy some distance from the village which was centred around the Anglo-Norman fortification of Woodstock. John Bradley and his colleagues claimed that ‘Athy is unusual as an Anglo-Norman town, having its parish church located outside the wall.’ In referring to St. Michael’s Church as ‘a parish church’ the archaeologists appear to have overlooked their earlier claim that it did not appear to have the status of a parish church. My own belief is that the native Gaelic speaking Catholic Irish who came to serve the Anglo Norman Lord of Woodstock Manor, built or had built for themselves St. Michael’s, while the two monasteries catered exclusively for the Anglo-Norman settlers. Was St. Michaels’ Church ever Athy’s parish church? Further research is required to answer this question but it seems reasonable to assume that it was at some stage. The Crouched Friars abandoned their monastery prior to the Reformation and the Dominicans were expelled from their extensive monastery in 1539. Catholic monasteries were seized and assigned in many cases to private individuals but humble Catholic churches such as St. Michaels would have held no interest for Henry VIII so would have continued to be used as a Catholic church. The church was described as being in good repair in 1615 and 1630 but in 1657 the Kildare inquisition found the church ‘to be out of repair’. Subscriptions for repairing the church were collected in 1677 and it may be assumed that St. Michael’s continued to be used for several years thereafter. Everything changed in the post 1691 years with the enactment of the penal laws. Churches were closed and undoubtedly fell into disuse and St. Michael’s Church was thereafter vacant as the local Anglican community built their own church in the back square in and around 1682. We can safely say that during the early years of the penal laws the small church of St. Michael’s was not in use. As local enforcement of the penal laws relaxed during the latter part of the 18th century a limited and discreet practice of the Catholic religion commenced. In a report of the State of Popery in 1731 it was recorded Athy had one mass house with two priests and no popish school. The mass house, as the Catholic church was called, had been built at some stage during the reign of George I between 1714 and 1729. This I believe was the thatched church located in Chapel Lane in what is now a car park. It was destroyed as a result of an arson attack following the 1798 rebellion for which the Parish Priest, Fr. Maurice Keegan, sought and obtained compensation to help finance the building of a new parish church. That was the parish church local people attended up to 1960. The ruined church of St. Michael’s lies within the graveyard of St. Michaels. It’s a plain rectangular building constructed of uncoursed mixed rubble. Internally there is no evidence of a division between nave and chancel. The building deteriorated over the centuries and regrettably few of its original features have survived. Nevertheless, the building’s history shows it to be an important part of Athy’s story. St. Michael’s is worthy of preservation, as indeed are its medieval contemporaries Woodstock Castle and the White Castle. As I write this I am not aware when the work will be completed but wouldn’t it be wonderful if on completion mass could be celebrated in the medieval church of St. Michael’s for perhaps the first time in almost 300 years.

Crime in Athy

Athy’s transition from village to town status was marked by the construction of the town hall building. Its exact date of construction is not known, but it is believed to have been in the 1720s. Around that same time a cavalry barracks was built on the north west outskirts of the town which allowed the White Castle to be thereafter used as a town jail. This was a time when under the Penal code many offences were punishable by death or transportation. Theft of as little as a loaf of bread resulted on conviction to the imposition of the death penalty. This was a situation which prevailed until Robert Peel introduced a series of reforms between 1823 and 1830 which abolished the death penalty for over 180 crimes. The death penalty was still carried out in Athy for murder and other serious crimes using the gallows sited on the approach road from Dublin in the area now known as Gallowshill. One convict who escaped the gallows was James Carr who at Athy assizes in September 1779 was sentenced to death for ‘carrying away Judith Mitchell against her consent, with an intent that she should marry Thomas Condron and also having assisted the said Thomas Condron in ravishing the said Judith Mitchell.’ A Proclamation issued on 30th September 1779 offered a reward for the apprehension of the rescuers of James Carr who had attacked the sub sheriff and bailiffs and other peace officers as they transported Carr to the place of execution. It recounted how ‘a great number of persons concealed themselves behind the wall that bordered the road leading to the place of execution and from there made a violent assault upon the sheriff and the persons who so accompanied him and forcibly cut the ropes by which the said James Carr was pinioned and let him at liberty.’ Many persons who attended the planned public execution of Carr were struck by stones thrown by Carr’s supporters and the man who was to act as executioner died of injuries he received that day. The White Castle jail was to house many prisoners facing execution or transportation during its times as a prison. Housed in a medieval castle the building was understandably not fit for use as a prison and indeed Athy jail was condemned by prison inspectors on several occasions who in 1824 reported that it was ‘without exception the worst county jail in point of accommodation, having neither yards, pumps, hospital, chapel or proper day rooms.’ Responsibilities for the maintenance of the jail rested with the Grand Jury of the county which was made up of 23 members of the landed gentry, all selected by the High Sheriff of Kildare. The Grand Jury system was inefficient, but it was not until 1877 that the Grand Jury’s functions in relation to jails was taken over by central authorities. In the early decades of the 19th century there was a ground swell of support for penal reform following the Jail Act of 1823 which removed many of the worst abuses in the English prison system. The Duke of Leinster’s interest in penal reform saw him donate a site on the Carlow road in Athy for the building of a new jail. John Hargrove, architect, was engaged by the County Kildare Grand Jury to design the new prison and he prepared plans for a small polygonal building which was constructed of local limestone at a cost of €5,400 between 1826 and 1830. The Duke of Leinster in addition to donating the site also contributed the sum of €1,700 towards the building costs and he laid the first stone of the new jail on 20th June 1826. When opened in 1830 the new prison consisted of 30 cells in a semi-circular form, with five yards and five day rooms and a Governor’s house in the middle. While the prison was built to accommodate 30 prisoners, the average prison numbers in 1852 was 48. Amongst those imprisoned were men and women convicted at Athy Assizes and sentenced to transportation in Van Diemen’s land. At the Quarter Sessions in Athy in June 1850 nine persons were sentenced to 10 years transportation, with three persons sentenced to seven years transportation. Amongst the latter was Margaret Gambion who was convicted of cabbage stealing. The first convict ship to leave Ireland sailed from Cork in April 1791 carrying 175 men and 25 women to New South Wales. Amongst them were several prisoners convicted at assizes in county Kildare. Four years later they were joined in New South Wales by amongst others three men who were convicted at Athy assizes of the murder of John Hill and Michael Hill. James Connors, John Murray and John Meagher were sentenced to transportation for life and spent several months in Athy jail following their convictions in 1794 until joining the convict ship ‘Marquis of Cornwallis’ in Cork on 9th August 1795. The ship was 186 days at sea before arriving at Port Jackson Australia. Athy’s new jail was closed in 1859 and the prisoners transferred to the newly extended jail in Naas. Transportation to Australia which started in 1787 following the cessation of transportation to America, finished with the arrival of the last convict ship, ‘the Hougoumont’, carrying 63 Irish political prisoners including John Boyle O’Reilly in Freemantle on 9th January 1868. We do not know how many men and women sentenced at Athy Courts were transported between 1791 and 1868. The White Castle, the former medieval stronghold, later a prison, and following that a police station, reminds us of a dark and sad history which may never be fully recovered.

Planned Redevelopment of Athy's Shackleton Museum

During the early days of my research into the history of Athy I spent many hours in the main reading room of the National Library in Kildare Street Dublin. This is an impressive horseshoe shaped room with a domed structure almost 50 feet high. During the time I spent there in the 1970s it provided a wonderful setting for my never-ending research into the history of Athy. The National Library is a fantastic resource and its archives provided me with many new insights into the town’s history and shed light on forgotten aspects of its earlier years. I imagine that the numbers of members of the general public who frequent similar research rooms have fallen over the years. In most of our pockets is a smart phone which gives us instant access to data all around the world. Nevertheless the research rooms of national and county libraries still fulfil an important function. They are the access point for knowledge and information which is not necessarily readily available on the internet. Not every document or book is available online and national and local research centres play an important role in preserving our nation’s history. Many years ago on the founding of the Athy Museum Society and with the support of the late Bertie Doyle, Pat Mulhall and many others the Museum Society had planned to establish an Athy town archive which would comprise both the administrative records of Athy Urban District Council, local clubs and the commercial records of local businesses. Unfortunately this proved to be beyond the capabilities of the Museum Society. I was reflecting on this recently when I was depositing with the archive section of the Kildare County Council library some business records and remaining records of Athy’s Workhouse. Although not complete those records constitute an important amount of local historical material that will in time warrant some significant research. Something to consider in tandem with the records of deaths in Athy’s Workhouse recently compiled by Clem Roche and Michael Donovan. The planned redevelopment of the Shackleton Museum in Athy will see the establishment of a research room and reading library. The purpose is to provide an area to facilitate both study and research of all aspects of life and endeavour in the polar regions with particular focus on the Antarctic. Because the Antarctic continent was uninhabited until the establishment of permanent research stations in the early twentieth century, the corpus of Antarctic literature is quite small. That has encouraged the Directors of the Shackleton Museum to proceed with its plan to establish a research library and archive in in the redeveloped museum. These plans have been greatly assisted by the generosity of two Antarctic veterans. Fergus O’Gorman from Dublin who over-wintered in the Antarctica in the late 1950’s with the British Antarctic Survey generously donated hundreds of his polar books to the museum two years ago. Following on from that generous bequest the museum has entered into partnership with the publishers Harvest Press to publish Fergus’s memoirs of his time in the Antarctic and that publication will be launched at the Shackleton Autumn School on the night of October the 28th. Another generous bequest which will add immeasurably to the Museum’s research library and archive came from the U.K based naturalist and writer Robert Burton who sadly passed away at the start of this year. Robert or Bob as we knew him was a regular attendee of the Shackleton Autumn School and was a prolific lecturer to the Autumn School and a contributor of articles to its journal, Nimrod. Bob was an expert on all matters Antarctic and his meticulous research is reflected in the library of books which will find their way to Athy at the end of the Summer. Combined with Fergus O’Gorman’s they will form a body of almost one thousand volumes focused on the Antarctic regions. The museum itself has been assiduous in collecting original archival material that is pertinent to the Antarctic regions and amongst its treasures are diaries belonging to Emily Shackleton, the wife of Ernest Shackleton. The museum remains active in collecting such material and when the archive/library opens for researchers in 2024 there will be a wealth of Antarctic material available, for the first time, to researchers in this country. It is heartening to think that a small town like Athy can become in the near future a destination for researchers and academics from all over the world.

My favourite sports stories

Looking back over the years I find that sport of all kinds has provided me with wonderful memories which I have been able to revisit time after time. With these memories are reminders of the great sportsmen who brought excitement into many lives. My own memories of sporting heroes started with my namesakes Pat and Toss Taaffe, two brothers who graced the horse racing world of the 1950s and later. Pat Taaffe was a champion jockey, whose wins in the big races brought headlines which I was delighted to see whenever I came home from school at lunchtime. The Irish Independent was the family paper then and the name Taaffe was often headlined in the sporting pages with accounts of Pat Taaffe’s successes. Maybe there was an assumed reflected glory in my sharing a surname with the great jockey in much the same way when as a young school lad I was enamoured of Raftery the poet, one of whose poems offered the lines, ‘Saol fada ag Frank Taaffe agus na Loinsigh ann.’ Recently thinking of the great sports stars whom I admired over the years I wondered if in retirement they are conscious of the part their sporting careers played in creating never to be forgotten precious memories for the general public. For my part my first enduring sports star was the great Kerry footballer Mick O’Connell. In a footballing career which spanned the 1950s to the 1970s the Valentia islander won 4 All Ireland football medals and captained Kerry in the 1959 final. He was one of the greatest exponents of Gaelic football as we knew it before it was transformed into the basketballing game of today. Next to Mick O’Connell and of the same vintage was another great sporting hero of mine, hurling legend Eddie Keher. Eddie’s father was a Garda, as was my father, and the fact that I was born in County Kilkenny allowed me to cheer for Eddie and the Kilkenny team on hurling days and for Kildare in that county’s quest for footballing glory. Eddie was one of the most prolific scorers in hurling during the 1960s and late into the 1970s. Kildare’s success on the football field never matched that of Kilkenny’s in the hurling arena so I have collected more great hurling memories than football memories over the years. At the same time I have added to my hurling heroes with D.J. Carey, Tommy Walsh and J.J. Delaney, all of Kilkenny joining Eddie Keher as my hurling legends. While Kildare footballers did not meet with much success over recent decades, nevertheless several Kildare County players were footballing heroes of mine. Pa Connolly, Pat Mangan, Kieran O’Malley and three Athy players, Danny Flood, Brendan Kehoe and Mick Carolan were my youthful footballing heroes. Another favourite Kildare County player was Seamie Harrison of Monasterevin whom I admired for his not to be forgotten display in the 1956 Leinster Final. These players were just a few years older than myself but at a very young age those few years were sufficient to create an almost generational gap. They were excellent footballers whose names evoked wonder and excitement amongst many young followers of Gaelic football in County Kildare including myself in the 1950s and later. Apart from hurling and Gaelic football my other great sporting hero is Ronnie Delaney who won the gold medal in the 1500 metres Olympic final in Melbourne in December 1956. I had watched him training over the sand dunes in Arklow some time earlier when the Taaffe family was on holidays in Ferrybank, Arklow. Ronnie Delaney was Ireland’s first four-minute miler and an Olympian champion at a time when Irish field sports were not as prominent as they are today. As younger generation grows older the sporting heroes of the past slip from memory. I was reminded of this when reading of the athletic successes of Ballyroe native Paddy Moran who died in May 1970 aged 82 years. Paddy was a champion runner who won a large number of races organised by the GAA and other sporting bodies between 1911 and 1920. He was a Leinster champion over two miles, one mile and a half mile for different years during the second decade of the last century. His athletic colleague, a local man Dan Harkins, who for some unexplained reason raced under the name of F. Daniels, was 440 yards champion of Ireland for a number of years. Thanks to Paddy Moran’s daughters, Kathleen and Bridget, I have been able to research some parts of their father’s running career, but more research needs to be done. The sporting world saw both Kathleen and Bridget feature on camogie teams playing for County Kildare and Leinster province as members of St. Anne’s camogie club in Ballyroe long after their father had retired from athletics. I would welcome any information on Paddy Moran, Greg Bradley and Dan Harkins who were well known athletes from South Kildare during the early years of the 1900s.

Fr. Philip Dennehy

Fr. Philip is dead. The news of the passing of the Pastor Emeritus passed quickly through St. Michael’s parish. There was sadness at the passing of a much loved priest who had lived among the parishioners of the south Kildare parish for all but 20 years of his 67 year long priesthood. Fr. Philip was first appointed curate of St. Michael’s in 1955, eight years after his ordination and after having spent some years a chaplain in Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Dun Laoghaire and in St. Mary’s Hospital, Phoenix Park, as well as six years as curate in East Wall and later in Valleymount. I first met the then young Fr. Dennehy when following the road accident which resulted in the death of my 21-year-old brother Seamus he called to No. 5 Offaly Street to comfort my parents. Philip Dennehy, born on 27th March 1931 in Middleton, Co. Cork, the son of a Garda, was to live in a number of Irish towns as he grew up, each new address marking another step in his father’s advancement up the ranks of the Garda Siochana. At the age of two he moved to Tramore, later to Limerick City and finally to Roscommon. Philip Dennehy, who had six sisters and one brother, attended the Christian Brothers Schools in Tramore and Limerick, ending his secondary schooling in St. Brendan’s College, Killarney. Both his parents were born in Co. Kerry and as he once told me his County allegiance was somewhat difficult given his almost nomadic early lifestyle. However, he acknowledged a sneaky regard for his County Kerry ancestry, the County where both of his parents were born and where the vast majority of his relations came from. It was as a schoolboy in Roscommon where his father was a Garda Chief Superintendent that his priestly vocation first emerged. After finishing his Leaving Certificate in St. Brendan’s College in 1948 he entered the seminary of Clonliffe College in Dublin. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University College of Dublin before transferring to Maynooth College where he was ordained on 4th June 1955. Fr. Dennehy first arrived in Athy as a young curate in 1963 to join the clergy team lead by Parish Priest Rev. Vincent Steen, which team included Fr. Frank Mitchell C.C. and Fr. Joe Corbett C.C. He participated in the ceremonies on 19th April 1964 when the Archbishop of Dublin John McQuaid blessed and dedicated the new Parish Church to St. Michael. Fr. Dennehy remained as a curate in Athy for ten years before transferring in 1973 to James’s Street, Dublin from where he moved to Corduff five years later. In 1979 he was appointed administrator of Mountview and a year later appointed Parish Priest of the same parish where he remained for five years before coming to Athy as Parish Priest in 1985. Ten years later I wrote of Fr. Dennehy on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of his ordination:- ‘Sunday is the most important day in the weekly calendar for all Christians. For a clergyman it assumes perhaps even greater significance when viewed as an opportunity to address his congregation other than on an individual basis. However, the average sermon or homily can sometimes seem strained and perhaps even less than relevant in the context of the modern world but never when the words are those of the man who is the subject of today’s article. Fr. Philip Dennehy, Parish Priest of Athy, has a most eloquent if sometimes understated way of putting his thoughts before his parishioners. The obvious attention and care which goes into the preparation of his homilies is reflected in the meaningful words designed to help his congregation to come closer to God.’ On Saturday 4th June 2005 the parishioners of St. Michael’s came together to celebrate with Fr. Dennehy the 50th anniversary of his ordination with Mass in the Parish Church, followed by a reception at the G.A.A. centre at Geraldine Park. He retired as Parish Priest in 2006 and was then appointed Pastor Emeritus of St. Michael’s Parish. As a clergy man who took things at face value Fr. Dennehy refused to delve too deeply into people’s motives, always prepared to assume the best of intentions for every act, charitable or otherwise. Conscious of the excessively strong role of the old-style Parish Priest of another era, Fr. Dennehy always adopted an easy-going attitude in his contacts with members of his congregation. Recognising the important role of the laity he sought to motivate people within the Parish to do what they can for themselves. His common sense approach in all things underscored his belief that as a Parish Priest he was not an authority on everything. To him so called experts were suspect, common sense being the most useful tool in dealing with most situations. Fr. Dennehy’s time in Athy was marked with many happy events, many achievements and inevitably some sad occasions. Above all as a Pastor he shared the joys and burdens of his parishioners at all times expressing in action the words of the Gospel he preached every Sunday. Fr. Philip Dennehy, who died on 31st January 2022, was buried in Ballygunner, Co. Waterford with his parents following requiem mass in St. Michael’s Parish Church, Athy at 11am on 3rd February 2022.

Athy miscellaneous notes

Athy’s economic lifeline in the early years of the 19th century were its fairs and markets. The weekly markets were of particular commercial importance at a time when the majority of the townspeople lived in primitive housing conditions, created by private landlords in newly built one and two roomed cottages in lanes and alleyways named after the landlords in question. There was also to be found in Athy and the surrounding districts a class to whom the pangs of hunger were as alien as the Gaelic of the native Irish was to the absentee landlords of the time. Apart from the dispensary system established in Athy in 1818 little appears to have been done by the civil authorities or the local gentry to relieve the stress and poverty amongst the people of Athy. An unidentified correspondent in the Athy Literary Magazine of March 1838 castigated ‘the spiritless and inert beings that form the more elevated circle here in Athy’ whom it was claimed ‘should be active in conceiving measures for ‘….. adopting useful schemes for the improvement and comfort of the distressed and hardworking poor ….. there is not a town in Ireland so completely neglected.’ That same year the British Parliament passed the Irish Poor Relief Act which led to the setting up of Boards of Guardians throughout Ireland and the opening of workhouses. The first stone at Athy’s Workhouse was laid on 5th July 1841. Built and equipped at a cost of £7,000 Athy’s Workhouse, designed by the English architect George Wilkinson, was intended to be of ‘the cheapest description compatible with durability with all mere decoration being studiously excluded.’ It was built to accommodate 360 adults and 240 children, but during the years of the Great Famine the number of inmates in the Workhouse far exceeded those numbers. Throughout its long life the Workhouse building was managed by a variety of bodies, starting with the Board of Guardians in 1844. Later in the early years of the newly established Irish Free State the Workhouse, now called the ‘County Home’, came under the control of Kildare County Council as the authority responsible for the provision of health services in the county of Kildare. Kildare County Council were later replaced by the Eastern Health Board and now the Health Service Executive, is the body responsible for Ireland’s health services, including St. Vincent’s Hospital, which was previously the Workhouse and later the County Home. From the early years of Athy’s Workhouse the cemetery where the Workhouse dead were buried was under the control and management of the Board of Guardians and subsequently that of Kildare County Council. I was therefore surprised to read in last week’s Kildare Nationalist under the headline ‘ownership of Athy’s cemetery still yet to be established’ the following report, ‘Local Councillors have been told its probably safe to assume that no memorial could be installed in St. Mary’s Cemetery Athy until ownership is established.’ What a ridiculous excuse to offer in response to requests made almost two years ago for Kildare County Council to erect a memorial in the old Workhouse cemetery to the dead of the Great Famine and the many unfortunate people who died in the Workhouse and the County Home. The Council has agreed to provide funding for the memorial which I had hoped would have been in place in time for this year’s National Famine Remembrance ceremony held last May. It is clear that ownership of the cemetery passed from the Board of Guardians to Kildare County Council in the early 1920s and while title documents confirming this are apparently not available, the title of the HSE and its predecessors cannot be challenged. I cannot understand why the Council is unable to proceed with the memorial project. After all it is not intended to erect an office block in the cemetery, its merely a memorial to the dead who lie in that same cemetery. The erection of the memorial will never give rise to legal issues in relation to ownership or entitlement. All that is required is for the HSE to confirm to Kildare County Council that it has no objection to the erection of the memorial. In anticipation of the memorial being erected Clem Roche and Michael Donovan have compiled a listing of all those who died in the Workhouse and in the Fever Hospital in the years to 1921. They have identified 3,891 persons by name, address and occupation, as well as the cause of death in each case. Theirs was a mammoth voluntary undertaking which is deserving of recognition, and I hope Kildare County Council will press ahead with the memorial project in time to have it in place for the National Famine Remembrance ceremony in May of next year.

1909 in Athy

The All Ireland hurling final Sunday found me in the unusual setting of a Cork city household as I sat down to watch the 2022 senior hurling final between Kilkenny and Limerick. Both the setting of my viewing (in rebel territory) and the date of the final perhaps made me a little unsettled, but not as unsettled as the result left me after an enthralling final. There has been some debate in the media about the bringing forward of the date of the hurling final in the sense that the summer has been truncated without the usual August visit to Croke Park. However, delving into the history of All Irelands it was not unusual to find the senior hurling final played at unusual times of the year. The agricultural grounds in Geraldine Park Athy hosted on 27th June 1909 a replay of the All Ireland senior hurling final between Dublin and Tipperary. Athy was selected as the location for the replay as one of the few grounds in Leinster that was fenced at the time and it hosted a crowd of almost 7,000 people. Another reason why the venue was chosen was that Dublin had refused to play either in Thurles or Kilkenny city, while Tipperary were amenable to play at either venue and thus Athy was the compromise choice. Tipperary won the game comfortably by 3-15 to 1-5, but although the final was held in 1909, it actually was the 1908 championship. At the previous instalment of the final which had been held in Croke Park on 25th April, the score ended up Tipperary 2-5 and Dublin 1-8. A journalist reporting on the match described Athy as a ‘cosy town’ and that ‘The ground under the Agricultural Society was also in perfect order with the sod as lively as the most fastidious hurler could wish’. It led me on to reflect as to what a visitor to Athy would have found here in 1909 and what some of the personalities from the town were doing at the same time. The Post Office in Duke Street which is such a fundamental part of our streetscape was under construction in 1909. It was not without controversy when it was revealed that the building contractor engaged to build the Post Office was using Tullamore brick in its initial stages rather than the Athy brick, readily available from the brickyards just outside Athy. Following representations from Athy Urban District Council the postal authorities agreed that only Athy brick would be used thereafter in the building. In that same year the Church of Ireland parochial hall on Church Road was also constructed, designed by the architect Speirs & Co. of Glasgow. Athy Ladies Hurling Club was noted as organising a reunion on 20th July, while a Miss Campbell was listed as Club Captain and a Miss Tierney as Secretary. Older readers will remember the Athy Social Club Players who put on many plays in the Town Hall and the Social Club in St. John’s Lane in the 1940s and 1950s. Their 1951 production was Lennox Robinson’s play, ‘The White Headed Boy’. In 1909 Lennox Robinson had staged his first play in the Abbey Theatre in Dublin following on from which the poet W.B. Yeats offered the inexperienced Robinson the post of manager of the theatre. In Dublin, in November the Kilkea born explorer, Ernest Shackleton, could be found giving a lecture at the National University about his recent exploits in the Antarctic and his dash to reach the South Pole. 1909 was also the year that John Vincent Holland, a former pupil of Clongowes Wood College, after studying veterinary medicine for three years, left Athy to try his fortune in South America where at various times he worked as a rancher and on the railways. Of course he later returned to Athy in 1914, joined the British Army and was awarded a Victoria Cross for his exploits in the Somme campaign of 1916. Another Athy man, slightly younger than John Vincent Holland, was Sydney Minch who while John Vincent Holland was heading across the Atlantic, Minch was making the shorter journey to Clongowes Wood College for the first of his three years of study there. Like Holland he would join the British Army in the Great War, serving with the Connaught Rangers and fighting at the 3rd Battle of Ypres. Returning from the war he took an active role in public life, serving as a Cumann na nGael T.D. from 1930 to 1938, as well as being a member of Athy Urban District Council and Chairman of the Athy branch of the British Legion. Although the defeat of Kilkenny in this year’s All Ireland senior hurling final was a huge disappointment to myself and many others, I can comfort myself with the knowledge that in the 1909 All Ireland senior hurling championship final held in Cork Athletic Grounds, Mooncoin, representing Kilkenny, overcame the club side Thurles, representing Tipperary, with the score of 4-6 to 0-12. This was Tipperary’s first defeat in an All Ireland final and Kilkenny’s fourth victory. Thankfully there have been many Kilkenny successes since then and undoubtedly more to come!

Military activity in and around Athy 1642

News of military activity in and around Athy in April 1642 just months after the start of the Rising in Ulster was the subject of a pamphlet published in London later that same year. The pamphlet of 13 pages, printed by G. Miller for W. Bladen, recorded how the English army set out from Dublin on 2nd April comprising 3,000 foot soldiers and 500 cavalry, all under the command of the Lord Lieutenant General, the Earl of Ormond. On the next day the army marched to Naas entering about 3 miles into County Wicklow ‘burning houses and killing such rebels as they found straggling on the way.’ Having been shot at by rebels in the Castle of Tipper, the soldiers blew up the castle, killing 8 rebels. On April 4th, having burned down some houses in Naas, the English army marched to Kilcullen ‘killing and hanging rebels and burning houses on the way.’ The next day the army set out for Athy, camping overnight near Ballyshannon Castle. This was the home of Colonel Fitzgerald, who was regarded as a rebel, and where it was believed a rebel army of 500 men were in occupation. The English troops having no battering rams left the area for Athy without attacking the castle. On the road to Athy the English army continued to burn houses and kill rebels. They found the greater part of Athy ‘all burned by the Protestants the day before to prevent the rebels, who in great multitudes had entered in and were about to fire the castle/church, and other places, wherein the Protestants to the number of 300 besides children were preserved.’ Sir John Bowen of Ballyadams Castle came to Athy to greet the English army but being suspected of disloyalty was imprisoned. That same day the army marched to Ballyadams Castle where it was claimed Bowen’s wife entertained the officers ‘liberally with ale and cakes,’ but despite this the army on returning to Athy seized and brought with them 200 head of cattle and 100 sheep as the people of Athy were ‘in great distress through want of meat and drink.’ On 7th April ‘George Walker, son of English parents, then Sovereign of Athy with many other rebels being hanged,’ the army, leaving Colonel Crafford’s Regiment behind in Athy, marched to Maryborough. The next reference to Athy following the army’s march into Laois occurred on 12th April. We are told that ‘the Protestants had broken down Maganey bridge to prevent the incursion of the rebels’ and that 700 rebels were repairing the bridge intending to march over it and intercept the English army which was returning to Athy from Maryborough. The rebels were attacked by men from Colonel Crafford’s regiment, killing ‘one or two of the rebels’. The Irish rebels were camped near to Captain Erasmus Burrowes’ house in the vicinity of Maganey, but the English army commander decided not to attack and instead returned to his base in Athy. On 15th April a man named Brocke, ‘an English papist’, with a number of other rebels was hanged in Athy. The number of rebels executed in this way while the army was in Athy was believed to be seventy. After seven days waging war in various parts of Laois the English army regrouped in Athy before marching back to Dublin. They brought with them as prisoners Sir John Bowen, Fitzgerald of Timoga, Richard Grace of Maryborough and Captain Crosby. On their way about 2 miles from Athy Irish rebels numbering it is believed 8,000 foot soldiers and three or four troops of horses, were seen marching in the same direction as the English army, but with a bog between them. This prompted a race between the armies, both of which were anxious to reach firm ground, with the Irish rebels winning the race. We are told that at ‘Black-hale Heath on the lands of Kilrush about 5 miles from Athy and a mile from the Castle of Ballyshannon in the possession of the rebel Colonel Fitzgerald ….. the rebels made a stand ….. with the advantage of two great ditches on each wing, so high that we could see no more than the heads of their pikes.’ The rebels comprised men from counties Kilkenny, Laois, Carlow, Wexford, Wicklow and Kildare, as well as some men from Tipperary and Waterford. Despite their numbers the Irish rebels suffered a costly defeat, with 1,500 men or more killed and the loss of 15 regimental colours and much military equipment. An interesting description of some of the rebel colours captured indicated the religious background to the conflict which had started in Ulster the previous October, with banners displaying Jesus Mary and Joseph, with others of Mary Magdalene and St. Patrick. The English army having claimed the victory marching via Old Connell to the Curragh and then to Naas, before reaching Dublin on 17th April. Their commander expressed the view that the Irish rebels having ran into the woods, bogs and castles ‘will prolong the war and bring us all to ruin unless this summer we are furnished out of England with great store of men and money to maintain garrisons in all places.’ The White Castle in Athy would continue to be garrisoned and the town itself would figure prominently in the Confederate Wars fought on Irish soil as part of the English Civil War which would commence on 22nd August 1642.

Medieval Athy

In last week’s Eye on the Past when referring to Woodstock Castle, I mentioned the relocation to the east side of the river Barrow of the Anglo-Norman village of Athy which was first established on the west bank. This followed a prolonged period during which the Irish chiefs, particularly the O’Mores of Laois, attacked the village which had grown up around Woodstock Castle. Sir John Talbot brought the war into the heartlands of the Irish beyond the River Barrow and having defeated them sought to protect the village from further attacks. We are told that Talbot repaired and mended the bridge of Athy and erected a new tower on the bridge to house a garrison. This tower is generally believed to have referred to White’s Castle and its from the date of the castle’s erection that the gradual evacuation of the medieval village on the west bank is believed to have commenced. Woodstock Castle was by then a Fitzgerald holding and with the adjoining prior of the Canon Regulars of the Holy Cross, commonly referred to as St. John’s Monastery, continued to be the nucleus of the medieval settlement which did extend across the river to where the Dominican Friary was located. In 1434 the citizens of Athy were given the right by virtue of a murage grant to levy customs on persons selling goods in the village to finance the construction of defensive walls. This is the first reference found to murage grants for Athy and it might tend to suggest that the settlement had begun to take shape in its new location on the east bank of the river. Henry VIII in 1515 granted a charter ‘for the greater safety and security of the town of Athy’ which the charter described as lying ‘on the frontiers of the March of our Irish enemies.’ It was not only the Irish who continued to cause problems for the settlers in Athy, for the Silken Thomas Rebellion in 1534 saw the Earl of Ossory attacking Athy and Rheban, destroying both. A little more than 60 years later another Anglo Norman, James FitzPiers rebelled, resulting in further plunder and mayhem in south Kildare. The rebel James was the son of Sir Piers FitzJames of Ardreigh Castle which was burned and destroyed by Feach McHugh’s followers in 1593, resulting in the massacre of FitzJames’ family and servants. The Battle of Kinsale in 1601 resulted in the defeat of the Irish and brought a fragile peace to the settlers’ town of Athy. In 1611 James I granted a new charter to Athy, which despite the earlier charters referenced to ‘the town of Athy’ was now called ‘the village of Athy.’ The new charter created the Borough of Athy which extended one half a mile in ‘a direct line from every side of the Castle commonly called the White Castle in the village.’ This would suggest that a settlement was now firmly relocated in the more easily defended east side of the river Barrow. However, the countryside was to witness the outbreak of war in 1641. The Confederate War which ended after eight years, saw considerable action in and around Athy, with the legendary Owen Roe O’Neill at one time in charge of the White and Woodstock castles. Following the Confederate War which saw Woodstock and the White Castle severely damaged, as was the Dominican Friary, Woodstock was left damaged and vacant. It would remain in splendid isolation on the west bank of the river Barrow until the building of Council houses in its vicinity in the 1930s and later. When the Kildare Archaeological Society members visited Athy recently to view Athy’s medieval buildings I mentioned the society’s visit to Woodstock in September 1892when the local curate, Fr. Carroll, spoke of a Woodstock Castle’s ‘outer court having a fine arch gateway to the north’ which he indicated ‘still remains as does part of the outer enclosure walls.’ Sadly neither features were to be seen during this year’s visit by the Kildare Archaeological Society members. Woodstock Castle with St. Michael’s Medieval Church are Athy’s most important medieval structures which deserve to be protected and preserved. Would Kildare County Council on behalf of the people of Athy consider seeking funding to protect and restore both buildings and at the same time taking all appropriate action to save the White’s Castle. Aughaboura bridge, erected during the Great Famine, was removed last week as part of the Outer Relief Road Project. The dressed stones of the bridge were put in place by a skilled stone mason, assisted by local labourers who found work during the construction of the railway line to Carlow which helped to keep their families out of the Workhouse during the Great Famine. It would be a very fitting tribute to the dead of the Great Famine for these dressed stones to be used for constructing a memorial to Athy’s famine dead who now lie in unmarked graves in St. Mary’s cemetery? FRANK TAAFFE

Kildare Archaeological Society's Visit to Athy

Members of Kildare Archaeological Society visited Athy on Saturday last for a guided tour of the medieval and post medieval built heritage of the town. The 12th century village founded by the Anglo Normans on the banks of the river Barrow in the vicinity of Ath Ae, the Ford of Ae, has retained some important elements of his historic past. The 21st century town of Athy is readily identifiable from any image of the bridge and castle. The present Crom a Boo bridge erected in 1796 replaced an earlier stone bridge which consisted of 7 arches, a drawing of which was prepared by a William Smith just a year before it was demolished. A bridge over the river Barrow at Athy was an important part of the first line of defence for those living within the Pale against the hostile Irish, especially the O’Mores of Laois. This was borne out by a petition sent by the gentry of the Pale to the King of England in June 1417 in support of Sir John Talbot’s appeal for more funding in his fight against the O’Mores. The petitioners recounted how Talbot had repaired and mended the bridge of Athy and had erected a new tower on the bridge in order to resist the Irish enemy and to protect the inhabitants of Athy. The reference to repairing the bridge confirmed that there was already a bridge in place prior to 1415. Indeed, we know from other Anglo Norman settlements in Ireland that the French speaking adventurers had built stone bridges in many other parts of Ireland as early as the 13th century. The reference to the erection of the new tower on the bridge has generally been accepted as referring to White’s Castle. However, Ben Murtagh in his essay on the dating of White’s Castle in the book ‘Dublin and the Pale in the Renaissance C 1540-1660’ believes that the tower built by Talbot is not the current White’s Castle, but a castle built at a later date on the site of the original tower of 1415. White’s Castle is the most important readily visible medieval building in our town, as the other important buildings at that time, Woodstock Castle and St. Michael’s Medieval Church, are more often than not unseen by many of our visitors. Woodstock Castle lies in a low-lying area close to the river Barrow and directly northwest of the town’s centre. It is believed to have been built for the St. Michael family early in the 13th century and around it developed the settlers village and the monastery of the Crouched Friars. Located on the west bank of the river the castle and the village was subject to several attacks by the Irish. The first recorded attack on the village of Athy was in 1308 when the village was burned, a fate it was to suffer on four occasions during the following 70 years. Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish King, having landed with his army on the Antrim coast in 1315 at the invitation of some Irish chiefs inflicted several defeats on the Anglo Normans. The Battle of Ardscull a few miles from Athy saw Bruce’s army defeat the joint forces of Lord Justice Sir Edmund Butler and Lord John Fitzthomas. Bruce is recorded as having plundered Athy and Rheban, both of which villages were developed around castles built for the St. Michael family. The positioning of Woodstock castle on the west bank of the river Barrow and on the same side of the river where the ‘wild Irish’ lived is a puzzle. The east side of the river where the Dominicans founded their friary in 1257 offered greater safety for the inhabitants of the newly founded village. Towards the end of the 14th century the Anglo Normans began a policy of retrenchment, having failed to successfully hold all the lands initially taken by them in the 12th and 13th centuries. The policy of retrenchment focused attention on Athy as a settlement of strategic importance and made Athy a first line of defence against the hostile Irish. The rebuilding of the bridge of Athy and the erection of a new tower in 1415-1417 was followed by a gradual relocation of the village from the west side of the Barrow to the opposite side. This process was no doubt accelerated following Sir John Talbot’s rebuilding of the bridge and the construction of the tower. The plantation of Laois and Offaly during the reign of Elizabeth I saw Athy take on an even more important role. It became a vital link in the supply chain for the beleaguered English settlers of Laois and Offaly. This was recognised by John Dymmok who in his ‘Treatise of Ireland’ in 1600 wrote:- ‘Athy is divided into two parts by the river Barrow over which lies a stone bridge and upon it a stone castle ….. the bridge of the castle ….. being the only way which leads into the Queen’s county’. …..TO BE CONTINUED

Michael Day, boxer, footballer and emigrant

One of the pleasures of writing a weekly newspaper column, which is made available on the internet, is the many queries one receives from around the world and the subsequent store of knowledge which is unveiled in relation to Athy persons of the past. For some time Sophie Hepburn of Glasgow has been emailing me in relation to her father’s family, originally from Athy. Michael Day, son of Peter and Bridget Day, emigrated to Scotland in 1942. As a young man in Athy he was a boxer of note and was a member of the Irish Army boxing team while he served in the early years of World War II. It was a sport in which he had a lifelong interest. He founded a boxing club in Glasgow and amongst those he trained was the youthful ‘John Cowboy McCormack’ who went on to win a bronze medal in the Olympic Games. Michael in addition to boxing was also a senior playing member of Athy Geraldine hurling and football club which won the Kildare Senior Football Championship in 1937. That team was captained by George Comerford, the famous County Clare and Munster provincial footballer who was then stationed as a Garda in Athy. I interviewed another member of that team in January 1990, the legendary Barney Dunne, who was the only man to have won four senior championship medals with Athy. He spoke of the players who defeated Sarsfield in that 1937 County final and he mentioned Michael Day whom he said lived in Barrack Street. The photograph of the Athy winning team of 1937 shows Michael Day lying in front to the left, Tommy Buggy/English, the player on the right. The photograph, a copy of which Sophie had, was she believed a picture of a street league team called the Starlights. It was in fact the 1937 Athy Championship winning team. The full team with subs were Tommy Mulhall, Joe Gibbons, Jim Birney, ‘Chevit’ Doyle, Pat Mulhall, Matt Murray, Tom Kelly, Paul Mathews, Barney Dunne, John Rochford, Tom Wall, Tom Ryan, George Comerford, Richard Donovan, Joe Murphy, Tommy Buggy, Johnny McEvoy and N. Heffernan whose first name regrettably is not known to me. The team trainer was the legendary Jack ‘Skurt’ Doyle. Michael Day’s parents had four sons and two daughters and given the difficult times during the economic war of the 1930s and those posed by World War II it’s not surprising that all of them emigrated to either Scotland or England to find employment. Jack Day and his brother Pat went to London, as did their sister Julia, while Michael and Peter spent the rest of their lives in Scotland. When Peter died his ashes were returned to his home town of Athy for burial in St. Michael’s Cemetery next to his parents Peter and Bridget. His sister Lizzie Day worked in Dublin for a time, but I understand she subsequently emigrated to England. Sophie Hepburn whom I met during the week last visited Athy almost 72 years ago when as a young girl herself and her brother were sent on summer holidays to their Granny Bridget Day. Bridget was by then a widow living alone, her husband Peter having died in 1948 aged 68 years. Sophie recalls her grandmother’s house which she described as a one roomed cottage. She had a photograph showing the small whitewashed cottage in the background from which I was satisfied that Bridget lived in what locals called ‘Beggars End’. It was one of a row of houses owned by the Plewman family and were located directly opposite the present Plewman’s Terrace. Sophie had fond memories of the time herself and her brother spent with their grandmother all those years ago and of the return boat trip from Broomley, Scotland to Dublin. Sophie who with her partner spent a few days in and around Athy last week traced and paid a visit to her grandparents’ grave in St. Michael’s Cemetery. She was immensely proud of her father and what he achieved after leaving Athy so many years ago. Sophie’s visit to Athy 70 years after her only previous visit and 80 years after her father Michael left his home town in search of work, was a pilgrimage in search of a family past. She would be delighted to make contact with any of her father’s relations still living in and around Athy.

Dr. Giles O'Neill, the Taaffe Legal Practice, identifying those who died in Athy Workhouse

Many of you, like myself, got a letter from the HSE a week or so ago informing us of the retirement of Dr. Giles O’Neill from 11th June. Messages of good wishes poured into Dr. Giles’ practice in the following days but it seems we were all somewhat premature in consigning the good doctor to a life of unending leisure. It now transpires that Dr. Giles has retired from the HSE General Practitioners list and will be replaced by Dr. Emma Carroll of the same practice on the Carlow Road. The fourth generation O’Neill general practitioners intends to stay on in the practice working two days a week dealing, I presume, with private patients. My Eye last week on Dr. Giles’ retirement prompted several people to ask the question of me – when do you propose to retire? I’m afraid the good man above will retire me and in the meantime I will continue as long as Dr. Giles keeps me in good trim or as I often say to my friends, ‘so long as I can continue to cast a shadow’. The June bank holiday found me spending a few days in Connemara where unlike the rainy weather which greeted the TriAthy athletes, the western countryside was basking in glorious sunshine. I had overlooked that this year’s June bank holiday was an important anniversary in my working life as it was on the Tuesday after the bank holiday Monday 40 years ago that I opened my own practice. Joining me that day was a young Eithne Wall as we waited the arrival of the first client to the first-floor offices of Taaffe & Co. Solicitors. I had rented rooms over the Hibernian Insurance offices located in the former Hibernian Bank premises on Leinster Street. During the past four decades the offices have been relocated to three other locations, but what has remained constant is the wonderful staff who have joined me over the years. Eithne Wall, with forty years’ service, is followed by Noreen Prendergast with 36 years’ service, Deirdre Dooley with 31 years’ service and Lisa Walsh who has been part of the staff for 22 years. All of the girls joined the office when they were single and their names have been recorded in those names, although all of them have since married. My son Seamus, after 5 years working as an archaeologist, joined the practice as a solicitor in 1997. Individually and collectively they have made an enormous contribution to the work of my office which because of the nature of its business deals with a myriad of sad human situations. On our fortieth anniversary I pay a heartfelt tribute to Eithne, Noreen, Deirdre, Lisa and Seamus. Clem Roche and Michael Donovan have been working for some months past on retrieving the names of those unfortunate persons who died in Athy’s Workhouse. Opened in January 1844 the Workhouse was a last refuge for a starving people who could not survive without institutional help during the Great Famine. In later years deaths were recorded as occurring in the Workhouse, Athy’s Infirmary and Athy’s Fever Hospital. The Infirmary was attached to the Workhouse, while Athy’s Fever Hospital was a separate institution first opened in February 1841. The perilous state of public health in the town of Athy was a matter of concern, particularly following a cholera outbreak in 1827 and an influenza outbreak ten years later. A Mr. Keating, whose premises in Market Square burnt down in 1836, was the beneficiary of a public collection intended to help him rebuild his premises. Instead, the generous man donated the community’s gift amounting to three hundred pounds to the building of a Fever Hospital in Athy. Officially designated as a District Fever Hospital under the Fever Ireland Act of 1847 it continued to be operated independent of the Workhouse until 1854. Those who died in the Workhouse, the Infirmary and the Fever Hospital were, so far as we know, buried in St. Mary’s Cemetery. Clem Roche and Michael Donovan have recorded 3,088 deaths with no records available for the first twenty years or so of the Workhouse existence. There are no memorials or grave markers to remember the thousands who were buried in St. Marys. The work of Clem and Michael is the first step in remembering and commemorating those unfortunate people which Kildare County Council is committed to doing in the near future.

The Doctors O'Neill

Four generations of the O’Neill family have provided medical care for the people of Athy and South Kildare, as well as patients in the institution formerly known as the Workhouse, later the County Home and now St. Vincent’s Hospital. On 11th June the fourth generation member of the O’Neill family, Dr. Giles O’Neill, will retire from general medical practice, thus bringing to a close the O’Neill family’s involvement in medical practice in Athy. Dr. Patrick Laurence O’Neill, who lived in Geraldine House, was the first member of the family to practice medicine. He had a private practice before taking up an appointment as medical officer to Athy’s Workhouse in 1874 in succession to Dr. Thomas Kynsey. Dr. P.L. O’Neill was involved in local and national politics and was president of the local branch of the Irish National League until his resignation in November 1885 following a disagreement with Martin Doyle, a fellow National League member. He continued as medical officer to the Workhouse until 1897 when he was replaced by his son, Dr. Jeremiah O’Neill who held the position for the next 55 years. Like his father before him Dr. Jeremiah was involved in local politics and served as Chairman of Athy Urban District Council for three years from 1912 and was also Chairman of the Athy branch of the Fine Gael party for 25 years. He died in 1954 aged 81 years, having been replaced by his son Dr. Joe O’Neill as medical officer in 1952 for what was then known as the County Home. Dr. Joe, who graduated in 1943, took over Dr. John Kilbride’s medical practice in 1959 and lived and worked initially from the Abbey off Emily Square before moving to Athy Lodge on Church Road. The Asian flu epidemic of 1971/’72 provided Dr. Joe and his colleague Dr. Brian Maguire with one of the most trying and difficult periods of their years in medical practice. The first flu victim was treated on 23rd December 1971 and over the following four days neither doctor had any respite as stricken patient after patient was treated in a frantic effort to halt the spread of the flu. The fourth generation of the O’Neill family, Dr. Joe’s son Giles, qualified as a doctor in 1975 and after practicing in Dublin and England returned to Athy in 1981 to join his father’s practice. The following year a new surgery was built in the grounds of Athy Lodge, the former home of Dr. John Kilbride and in the 19th century the home of John Lord, Solicitor. In the meantime Dr. Joe continued as medical officer to the County Home and the later renamed St. Vincent’s Hospital and on his retirement in 1991 his son Dr. Giles was appointed as medical officer. Dr. Joe O’Neill died in 2008, aged 91 years. Dr. Giles, now practicing in the new surgery on Church Road, was joined by another local man Dr. Raymond Rowan and both of them continued in practice there until the opening of a new surgery on the Carlow Road, first occupied years earlier by the now retired Dr. John Macdougald. On the retirement of Dr. Giles the Carlow Road surgery will now include doctors Anthony Reeves, Raymond Rowan, Emma O’Carroll and Dr. Luke Higgins. I remember Dr. Joe and Dr. Giles as dedicated, gifted and pleasant doctors who practiced medicine with kindness and thoughtfulness for their patients. Two of Dr. Joe’s brothers were also doctors who served in the British Army Indian Medical Services during World War II. A younger brother, Dr. Jerry O’Neill, was captured by the Japanese and held prisoner for more than three years until the end of the war. Family tradition tells us that the emaciated former prisoner on release was treated in a Calcutta hospital by his brother Dr. John O’Neill who did not recognise him until the prematurely grey-haired patient spoke of Ireland and of playing golf in the Geraldine course here in Athy. Their nephew, Dr. Giles O’Neill, has devoted 41 years of life as a doctor to the people of Athy and the patients of St. Vincent’s Hospital. He followed in the footsteps of his great grandfather, his grandfather and his father and Dr. Joe proved himself to be a doctor whose dedication to his patients and to his profession will be remembered with fondness and gratitude by all.

Barrowhouse Ambush May 1921

Patrick Whelan, Ned Gleeson, Liam Langton, John Langton, Keith Langton, Martin Langton, Pascal Lacey, Ger Gibson and Nessa O’Meara Cardiff. These are the members of the Barrowhouse Ambush Commemoration Committee responsible for organising the ceremonies on Saturday, 21st May surrounding the unveiling of the new memorial for William Connor and James Lacey and the launch of Nessa O’Meara Cardiff’s book on the ambush. The reawakening of interest in the Irish War of Independence saw a great gathering of folk to honour the memory of the two young Barrowhouse men who lost their lives on a May day 101 years ago. I was honoured to be invited to take part in the service at St. Mary’s Graveyard and to address some words to those who gathered around the grave of Connor and Lacey. In addressing the people in attendance I was conscious that my words could apply to so many other areas around Ireland which saw action during the War of Independence. That conflict was a complex one of military republicanism and of a people’s resistance to British Rule. For that reason the story of the Barrowhouse Ambush is important to our understanding of the history and legacy of our revolutionary past. It’s a struggle which continued long after the Treaty and has now evolved as a political struggle involving Irish, English and Northern Ireland politicians with American and European Union politicians in the background. The Barrowhouse Ambush occurred on a day in May 1921 when five other men suffered violent deaths attributed to political violence in Ireland. The deaths of William Connor and James Lacey lead to reprisals by the RIC and the Black and Tans stationed in the Athy R.I.C. Barracks. Patrick Lynch’s home and workshop were among several premises the subject of arson attacks the night after the ambush. Local narratives about the Barrowhouse Ambush are not always in agreement. New information and fresh interpretations can contradict accepted version of events. The accepted knowledge in the public domain in relation to War of Independent incidents generally is not always correct and as further research unfolds new information can give us a better understanding of those difficult times. The memorial unveiled that Saturday and the launch of Nessa O’Meara Cardiff’s book on the Barrowhouse ambush is a community’s way of confirming the importance of James Lacey and William Connor in the historical tradition of Barrowhouse and its neighbourhood. They were just two of the 2,850 who were killed in a war defined in popular imagination by IRA ambushes and Black and Tan reprisals with assassinations on both sides. The Barrowhouse Volunteers who took part in the ambush were undoubtedly committed Nationalists and Republicans whose motivation was an idealism fostered by the Irish Volunteer movement and developed by the Sinn Fein Clubs to end British Rule in Ireland. William Connor and James Lacey, both of Barrowhouse, were just 26 years of age when they joined James’s brother Joe Lacey, Paddy Dooley of Killabbin, Joe Maher of Cullinagh, Mick Maher and Jack O’Brien, both from Barrowhouse and Joe Ryan of Kilmoroney on that fatal day, 16th May 1921. 101 years later, the Barrowhouse community came together to remember its War of Independence dead and to commemorate the two young Barrowhouse men who died before they had the opportunity of knowing any of their relations who came after them. The Barrowhouse Ambush Commemoration Committee, under the Chairperson of Nessa O’Meara Cardiff, responded magnificently to the need to remember the two young men from Barrowhouse who paid the ultimate price in a people’s struggle for political freedom. I understand that the initial print run of Nessa’s book was sold out but further copies are now available at the Barrowhouse ambush online site. The past week saw the death and burial of Gretta McNulty, formerly Gretta Moore who grew up in Offaly Street as part of that great community, a mix of young and old. Gretta and the Moore family lived in No. 7 Offaly Street and when the Taaffe family arrived in Athy in 1945 they settled into No. 6 before moving after 8 or 9 years into No. 5 Offaly Street. Offaly Street was then home to a vibrant community of mostly young families and Gretta’s death sadly further depletes the shrinking list of Offaly Street neighbours and friends of old. When Gretta and Frank McNulty married in 1962 they moved into No. 9 Offaly Street where they lived for 9 years or so, reinforcing Gretta’s strong alliance with the street where as a young girl she had forged many long lasting friendships. Those precious friendships forged in youth are receding further and further in the fading memory bank of those of us who remain.

Festival Athy 1979

One of the interesting magazines published in Ireland in the aftermath of the Act of Union was the Irish Magazine. Edited by the notorious Walter (Watty) Cox it first appeared in 1807. Cox’s Magazine was one of the more significant journals of that time and engaged in what Barbara Hayley in ‘300 years of Irish Periodicals’ described as ‘outrageously insulting (behaviour) to the Administration and to the Established Church’. My interest in the Irish Magazine stemmed from my purchase of a bound copy of the monthly journal for 1809. In March of that year Michael Devoy of Kill wrote an interesting piece on the history of Athy. Devoy was a granduncle of the Fenian John Devoy. He was born at the Heath, Athy but because of his involvement in the 1798 rebellion the family moved to Kill in 1805. The Nationalist and Leinster Times of 6th October 1928 on reporting the death of John Devoy made reference to Michael Devoy’s article on Athy. It noted that the volume of the Irish Magazine in which the article appeared ‘was picked up at Mendozas Old Book Store at Ann Street, New York by Frank Richardson, a native of Athy and handed to the editor of the Gaelic American.’ The article claimed that Michael Devoy was a captain of the rebels in County Kildare during the ’98 Rebellion and that he had the benefit of his father’s long and intimate knowledge of the town of Athy when writing the article. Devoy in the Irish magazine article recounted how the monastery on the west side of the River Barrow was founded by Richard de St. Michael, the Lord of Rheban, under the invocations of St. John and St. Thomas. The precinct of the monastery extended from the river at the foot of the bridge, containing all that part of the town called St. Johns and St. John’s Lane and its demesne consisted of the island in the river and the adjacent fields as far as the military barracks. He noted that the Dominican Monastery on the east side of the river, founded in 1253 by the families of the Boisels and Hogans, extended from the river along the north side of the church to the corner of the street heading to Prestons Gate and from there along the street under the said gate and to the corner of Janeville Lane and to the rear of the present house called The Abbey. The church referred to was the Church of Ireland church which was then located at the rear of the Town Hall and interestingly Devoy referenced the claim that the church steeple had formed part of the old Dominican Abbey. The reference to the house called The Abbey which was demolished a few years ago was much older than we all thought given Devoy’s references to it in 1809. Whites Castle, according to Devoy, was built by the 8th Earl of Kildare about 1506, a year or two after a bridge over the river Barrow was built. He claimed that the castle was repaired and enlarged in 1575 by William White from hence it obtained the name Whites Castle. Among the town ruins noted over 200 years ago were those of St. Michael’s Church built some time in the 14th century and founded, as Devoy claimed, by the St. Michael family. He described the ‘new chapel’ built in place of the chapel burned in the aftermath of the 1798 Rebellion, which he says was built on a plot of ground granted by the Duke of Leinster. He continued ‘the new chapel (which was demolished in 1960) is not by any means suitable to the large congregation, nor on a plan fit for a country chapel.’ Apparently, he was dissatisfied with the construction of a gallery which he claimed ‘from the noise above the people below for about 60 feet in length cannot hear the priest’s voice, the men ranged on one side and the women on the other.’ He referred to the Quaker Meeting House and to the Methodist House as well as the prison (then in Whites Castle) which he claims was without a privy until an addition was built in 1802. He decried the fact that there was no manufacturer of any consequence in the town which for many years ‘surpassed the Kingdom for the best and most extensive tanyards.’ Athy was also he claimed the most extensive town in Ireland about 30 years previously for distilling whiskey ‘there being 14 stills at full work and the entire of the malt to supply them was manufactured here.’ The one redeeming feature according to Devoy was the extensive porter and ale brewery carried on by Robert Rawson and the extensive flour mills ‘in the neighbourhood, two of which are in the town.’ This years famine Remembrance Service will be held in St. Mary’s Cemetery located opposite St. Vincent’s Hospital on Sunday 15th May at 3.00 p.m. The service gives us an opportunity to publicly honour Athy’s Famine dead with dignity and reverence and to recall a period in our history which cast a shadow over Ireland’s subsequent history.

Thomas Reynolds 1798 Informer

In December 1797 a man who would be responsible for betraying the society of the United Irishmen in south Kildare and Leinster and the imprisonment of many of the leaders of the organisation came to live at Kilkea Castle. He was the 26 year old Thomas Reynolds, a distant relation of Lord Edward Fitzgerald and a nephew of Thomas Fitzgerald of Geraldine House, captain of the Athy Yeomanry Cavalry. Reynolds was a Catholic whose father Andrew Reynolds, a silk merchant from Dublin, had married Rose Fitzgerald of Kilmead. Thomas Reynolds spent the first eight years of his life at the Kilmead home of his maternal grandfather Thomas Fitzgerald. Educated at a school in Chiswick and later at Liege in Flanders he returned to Dublin in 1788 just a few weeks before the death of his father Andrew. Mr. Reynolds Senior had been a delegate to the Catholic Committee and at the age of seventeen years his son Thomas was elected in his place. Thus was Thomas Reynolds ‘without any kind of restraint pushed forward in a career of politics and family business for neither of which he possessed the requisite knowledge or experience.’ So wrote his own son in his ‘Life of Thomas Reynolds’ published in 1838. Reynold’s biographer claimed that his father was inveigled to become a member of the United Irishmen in January or February 1797 through the efforts of a Richard Dillon, a Catholic and Oliver Bond, a Presbyterian. Whatever the merits of this claim, he was sworn in as a member of the organisation by Oliver Bond at his house at Bridge Street, Dublin. Oliver Bond’s house was later to be inextricably linked with Thomas Reynold’s name because of the events which occurred there in March 1798. Some time previously Reynolds had agreed to take a lease of Kilkea Castle from the Duke of Leinster on the death of the previous tenant a Mr. Dixon, an elderly man who passed away at the beginning of 1797. Under the terms agreed Reynolds employed the Duke’s builder, a Mr. Shannon to provide new roofing, flooring and ceiling for the castle which was located a few miles from Athy. When the work was completed Reynolds and his family moved into Kilkea Castle in December 1797, his mother the former Rose Fitzgerald of Kilmead having died in Dublin on 6th November. Reynolds was soon admitted into the Athy Cavalry Corps and as a frequent visitor to Athy, befriended many of the local townspeople. He accepted Lord Edward Fitzgerald’s invitation to take over from him as Colonel of the United Irishmen in the south Kildare barony of Kilkea and Moone. Soon thereafter Reynolds was visited by Matthew Kenna, one of the mainstays of the United Irishmen’s organisation in South Kildare. Kenna informed Reynolds of the strength of the United Irishmen in that part of Kildare and arranged a vote of the local captains to confirm his appointment as Colonel. At the same time Reynolds was appointed as County Treasurer which entitled him to attend meetings of the Provincial Council of the United Irishmen. Reynolds, whose name was later to become synonymous with the dreaded terms ‘traitor’ and ‘informer’ is believed to have passed on information to Dublin Castle regarding a scheduled meeting of the Provincial Council in Oliver Bonds House in Bridge Street, Dublin. Members of the Leinster Directory were arrested on 12th March and their detention effectively destroyed any hope of a successful uprising by the United Irishmen. Those arrested were:- Michael William Byrne, Peter Ivers from Carlow, Laurence Kelly from Queen’s County, George Cummins from Kildare, Edward Hudson of Grafton Street, John Lynch from Mary’s Abbey, Lawrence Griffin from Tullow, Thomas Reynolds from Culmullin, John McCan of Church Street, Patrick Devine from Ballymoney, Christopher Martyn from Dunboyne, Peter Bannan from Portarlington, James Rose from Windy Harbour, and Oliver Bond of Bridge Street, Dublin. Two days later Reynolds met Lord Edward Fitzgerald at the home of Dr. Kennedy in Aungier Street, Dublin and again the following day when Lord Edward gave him a letter for the County Kildare Committee. On 17th March Reynolds left Dublin for Kilkea and stopped overnight in Naas. There he was met, apparently to Reynold’s surprise, by Matthew Kenna, the man who was Lord Edward Fitzgerald’s principal contact person in South Kildare. Kenna told Reynolds of a meeting arranged for March 18th at the house of Reilly, a publican, near the Curragh of Kildare where the County Committee Members of the United Irishmen were to assemble. Reynolds attended the meeting, although he must have been somewhat concerned that his United Irishmen colleagues would be suspicious of involvement in the arrests in Dublin six days previously. Nothing untoward happened to Reynolds and afterwards he arranged a meeting for local captains of the United Irishmen in Athy on 20th March. The meeting in a back room of Peter Kelly’s shop in the Main Street was convened to coincide with Athy’s fair. Reynolds read Lord Edward Fitzgerald’s letter to the rebel captains and then proceeded to burn it in their presence. Anxious to resign from the Society of United Irishmen Reynolds pressed the South Kildare Captains to allow him to do so citing the earlier arrests in Oliver Bond’s house as his reason for wishing to step down. It was decided that Reynolds would share his position as Colonel with Dan Caulfield of Levitstown. Nevertheless Reynolds was never again actively involved in the affairs of the United Irishmen.

Michael Devoy's history of Athy

One of the interesting magazines published in Ireland in the aftermath of the Act of Union was the Irish Magazine. Edited by the notorious Walter (Watty) Cox it first appeared in 1807. Cox’s Magazine was one of the more significant journals of that time and engaged in what Barbara Hayley in ‘300 years of Irish Periodicals’ described as ‘outrageously insulting (behaviour) to the Administration and to the Established Church’. My interest in the Irish Magazine stemmed from my purchase of a bound copy of the monthly journal for 1809. In March of that year Michael Devoy of Kill wrote an interesting piece on the history of Athy. Devoy was a granduncle of the Fenian John Devoy. He was born at the Heath, Athy but because of his involvement in the 1798 rebellion the family moved to Kill in 1805. The Nationalist and Leinster Times of 6th October 1928 on reporting the death of John Devoy made reference to Michael Devoy’s article on Athy. It noted that the volume of the Irish Magazine in which the article appeared ‘was picked up at Mendozas Old Book Store at Ann Street, New York by Frank Richardson, a native of Athy and handed to the editor of the Gaelic American.’ The article claimed that Michael Devoy was a captain of the rebels in County Kildare during the ’98 Rebellion and that he had the benefit of his father’s long and intimate knowledge of the town of Athy when writing the article. Devoy in the Irish magazine article recounted how the monastery on the west side of the River Barrow was founded by Richard de St. Michael, the Lord of Rheban, under the invocations of St. John and St. Thomas. The precinct of the monastery extended from the river at the foot of the bridge, containing all that part of the town called St. Johns and St. John’s Lane and its demesne consisted of the island in the river and the adjacent fields as far as the military barracks. He noted that the Dominican Monastery on the east side of the river, founded in 1253 by the families of the Boisels and Hogans, extended from the river along the north side of the church to the corner of the street heading to Prestons Gate and from there along the street under the said gate and to the corner of Janeville Lane and to the rear of the presen t house called The Abbey. The church referred to was the Church of Ireland church which was then located at the rear of the Town Hall and interestingly Devoy referenced the claim that the church steeple had formed part of the old Dominican Abbey. The reference to the house called The Abbey which was demolished a few years ago was much older than we all thought given Devoy’s references to it in 1809. Whites Castle, according to Devoy, was built by the 8th Earl of Kildare about 1506, a year or two after a bridge over the river Barrow was built. He claimed that the castle was repaired and enlarged in 1575 by William White from hence it obtained the name Whites Castle. Among the town ruins noted over 200 years ago were those of St. Michael’s Church built some time in the 14th century and founded, as Devoy claimed, by the St. Michael family. He described the ‘new chapel’ built in place of the chapel burned in the aftermath of the 1798 Rebellion, which he says was built on a plot of ground granted by the Duke of Leinster. He continued ‘the new chapel (which was demolished in 1960) is not by any means suitable to the large congregation, nor on a plan fit for a country chapel.’ Apparently, he was dissatisfied with the construction of a gallery which he claimed ‘from the noise above the people below for about 60 feet in length cannot hear the priest’s voice, the men ranged on one side and the women on the other.’ He referred to the Quaker Meeting House and to the Methodist House as well as the prison (then in Whites Castle) which he claims was without a privy until an addition was built in 1802. He decried the fact that there was no manufacturer of any consequence in the town which for many years ‘surpassed the Kingdom for the best and most extensive tanyards.’ Athy was also he claimed the most extensive town in Ireland about 30 years previously for distilling whiskey ‘there being 14 stills at full work and the entire of the malt to supply them was manufactured here.’ The one redeeming feature according to Devoy was the extensive porter and ale brewery carried on by Robert Rawson and the extensive flour mills ‘in the neighbourhood, two of which are in the town.’ This years famine Remembrance Service will be held in St. Mary’s Cemetery located opposite St. Vincent’s Hospital on Sunday 15th May at 3.00 p.m. The service gives us an opportunity to publicly honour Athy’s Famine dead with dignity and reverence and to recall a period in our history which cast a shadow over Ireland’s subsequent history.